Large-Scale Biomass Combustion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Large-Scale Bio potful Combustion - Essay ExampleIt possesses a significant need in everyday life. For instance, energy is being used for various activities that include the execution of cars for moving one purport to another and televisions for the purpose of entertainment among others. Moreover, energy is also used for producing electricity and heat for different purposes. It has been app arntly observed that a large percentage of energy is obtained from the fire of biomass (Need, 2012).In this paper, a critical tidings about the use of sustainable energy will be taken into concern. Moreover, the determination of large-scale line of merchandise conflagration as one of the sustainable options for energy generation will also be discussed in this paper.Biomass Combustion is principally described as the method of burning through which 90% of the worlds energy is released to supply heat and energy services like material processing that includes food preparation, electricity, and t ransportation. It has been viewed as the process through which supplys are burnt with the help of oxygen (Overend, 2004).Biomass combustion is considered as the oldest type of combustion that largely exploited by human beings. It is also regarded as one of the most complicated forms of the combustion system. This process of combustion entails the use of solid fuels in a multi-phase reaction system interacting with different mass fluxes. The prime understanding of the solid fuel combustion system reveals with reference to the fact that only fuel can burn and release heat. It has also been viewed that solids and liquids do not burn by themselves but drink in heat in the process of drying which is required to be chemically transformed into fuel gas. There are several different materials that can be considered as biomass. These materials include solid wood, fats, and proteins (Overend, 2004).

Pope Gregory VII Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

pope Gregory VII - Research Paper ExampleFrom such evidence we come to ensure that there are no biases as such and hence the source seems to be quite certain for study.Contemporary reformers condemned the moral abuses that took place during that time. Two such abuses that were of primary concern were 1) The heresy of Simony (the get and selling of orders and offices in the church and 2) Nicolaitism (clerical marriage and unchasity) In 1059, after the Election Decree, the power of the emperor was decreased considerably while the Roman cardinals were given more power. This insightful handwriting details the events of Pope Gregorys rule, as he stood at the center of these affairs as the arch deacon of the Roman Church. The book describes Gregorys religious motives of freeing the church from these heresies and gaining liberty for its people. The source being reliable would be truly useful for the study. The author Rev. John Cowdrey was a medieval historian and a leading authority on the ecclesiastical reform movement led by Pope Gregory VII. In my opinion, the text served to kindle my amuse further on the subject.Ephraim Emertons book titled The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII is a selection of Gregory VII letters from the Registrum that was translated by him. These letters served to highlight the zeal, hard work and vigor with which Pope Gregory engage to bring about a revolutionary change in the conduct of the church. Professor Ephraim Emerton had authored many books only when for this book of letters, he had only translated them. He was a graduate from Harvard College and was also one of the founders of the American diachronic Association. In 1882 he was elected as the Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History.These papal documents translated by Ephraim provides the reader with gravid insight through the evidence describing the religious policies of reform that Pope Gregory brought about during his period as Pope of the Christian Church. The book a lso serves to shed

Zara - strategic review report for the CEO Essay

Zara - strategic review report for the CEO - Essay ExampleZara, a taint of Inditex, has achieved to establish its position as a leading firm in the global fashion industry.The strategies of Zara atomic number 18 reviewed in this paper in order to identify the key reasons of the injurys success. These strategies are evaluated by referring to the organizational internal and external environment as involved in the brands operations and performance. Appropriate literature has been used in order to understand the brands current strategies and its prospects for proximo growth. The paper has been divided into four parts. In the first part emphasis is given on the abbreviation of Zaras macro and micro environment. In this way, the effectiveness of the brands strategies, as aligned with the conditions in the brands environment can be evaluated. The second and the third parts of the paper focuses on the challenges that Zara has to face in watch to its internal strategic audit and the man agement of its stakeholders. In the fourth part, definite strategic options are presented, as available to Zara under current market conditions. The review of the organizations environment has proved that the growth of Zara can be related to the interaction of a series of factors, referring both to the internal and the external environment of the brand the brands success cannot be considered as resulted by chance. Introduction This paper focuses on the review and the evaluation of Zaras strategies taking into consideration the conditions in the brands environment. Particular reference is made to the UK market, as the basis for analyzing the performance of Zara, both currently and in the near future. The strategic decisions of Zara are reviewed and evaluated in order to check the brands future prospects. In addition, this summary helps to identify the strategic options appropriate for securing the brands further growth. Question 1 1059 words In-depth analysis of the competitive for ces and strategic issues shaping Zaras industry from 2012 onwards 1.1 Macro-environment PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis, as a strategic tool, is based on the idea that the performance of an organization can be affected by six factors related to its external environment (Henry 2008). The PESTEL analysis of the UK fashion industry would refer to six elements of this industry (Bowhill 2008) a) governmental Political environment in UK is quite stable government supports organizational growth in regard to all industries. Recently, on the 13th of March, the British government has asked for an inquiry in regard to the status of the grounds retail sector (Holland 2013), probably under the fear that governmental decisions do not efficaciously support the

Financial Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

fiscal Analysis - Assignment ExampleThe move have been associated with the recent change plan in the family that has forced customers to pay monthly installments of over twenty months other than offering subsidized phones (Zachariadis, 2014).The installment and the accept plan both vex an effect of binding the customers to the carriers. Having a huge number of customers floating without an promise to the partnership presents a financial risk since the number of sales will go down. Apart from the customers issues the keep high society is in any case facing financial risks from competitors such as T-mobile US inc., Sprint corp. and Verizon communication Inc. The three competitors present a financial risk to the company as they compete with AT &T for the available food market (Summary for AT&T Inc.- Yahoo Finance, 2014).The graph below is an income statement of the AT & T Inc. the total tax of the company has registered improvement as per the information of the last three year s. Operating income has also sinkd with 2013 registering the period when the company utilized a lot of capital as operating capital. Diluted EPS indicate the profit per apiece share. The company recorded high profit per share in the year 2013 as compared to the two disparate years (Summary for AT&T Inc.- Yahoo Finance, 2014).The total revenue of the company increased from $127, 434 to $ 132,447 showing a great improvement that was the highest in the past five years. However, the gross profit recorded a decline from $77,288 to $71,836. The company was able to register the highest gross profit in 2013. However, it is the within the same year that the company utilized the highest amount of money $30,447 as operating income. Additionally, in 2013, the company was able to register a high income amount of around $18,249 with a decrease of up to $ 6,224 in the year 2014. The company also recorded a profit per share

Legitimate Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legitimate Abortion - Essay ExampleRemaining to be both human and existing must be sufficient enough (Francome, C. (1984), p. 113).This classification would not understandably demand that every abortions would be unlawful, however it would alter the focal point of the argument towards the other concerns which we argon habituated to be bearing in mind when we argue the authenticity of taking an separates life. For instance, is the killing warranted by protection of other being or self-protection Has the sufferer said-so Otherwise, as we generally regard as in the spatial relation of brain deceased citizens, would the sufferer permit if she or he contains the capacity to converse with usThe feat of intimidation, supported by sadistic force, is the essential feature of governments. Several other individuals use violence as well as coercion, evidently, nevertheless governments comprises domination when it approaches towards the rightful application of these performances. Each law is eventually a danger to do mischief to those who may desire to infringe that rule. Once there is no demand for that danger, there is no must for the rule. Libertarians aim to minimize the hazard of governmental aggression and cruelty, while utilizing ecesis itself to decrease the threat of aggression and cruelty from other individual. Distinction from anarchists, libertarians distinguishes that government comprise a priceless role in the social order to shield and begin individual freedom (Choices (1999), p. 57). What every one(a) of these illogical principles has for being an individual have shared is that they necessitate something further than just being enliven but to be a human being. On the occasion we recognize that principle, the potential for cruelty are everlasting. Governments may justify the rejection of freedom and existence simply by shifting the random description of who is an individual with who is not. Indeed, history educates us that the administrations are bri lliant at that nature of things. Part II Anti-thesis The disagreement in support of legitimate abortion relies profoundly on prejudiced definitions

Summary Dismissal of Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary Dismissal of abrasion - Essay ExampleIn the case of Mark, the employer had some launchs which could warrant for summary dismissal and he went ahead to dismiss him. From the level of view of Mark, the action of the employer is unlawful and as such it constitutes an unfair dismissal. The grievances of Mark presented in the case hold are true and they form a ground upon which he potbelly appeal against the termination of his contract. In this regards, I will argue that wrongful dismissal and infraction of his rights as the basis upon which he can appeal against the dismissal. In summary dismissal, there has to be a proof of gross misconduct. In this case, Mark disobeyed a direct disorder from his superior.However, the manner in which it was carried out was non procedural. First off, the dismissal was not in tandem with the usual meaning of this type of dismissal which is instant.The case states clearly that Mark had been asked to school overtime which he refused and a fi erce con waitation ensued.Although arguing with superiors is wrong especially in front of other employees, it does not warrant summary dismissal. He was allowed to go home and the next solar day after he had reported for work he was given his marching orders after starting his work for the day. In this regards, if indeed summary dismissal was the case, it should micturate been done the previous day and not the next day after working for some time. ... In Marks case, it appears that the employer was trying to coerce him to fore gore his let commitments for the companys sake. Such an unprecedented step to coerce an employee to work overtime constitutes violation of an employees rights2. Mark is therefore entitled to appeal his summary dismissal on the basis of gross violation of his employee rights. Dismissal of Simon Redundancy is major factor that is considered by employers when they are dismissing their employees. For dismissal on redundancy ground to be fair, the employer must be able to show consistent statistics in terms of profound bother that led to the dismissal. To give more credence to redundancy dismissal, the employer must consult widely with other stakeholders as well as the concerned employee. However, regardless of whatever method is used to dismiss an employee, the employer must have a formal meeting with the earmarked employee for dismissal. In this meeting, the employee is given an explanation as to why the employer is terminating the employment contract3. In the case of Simon, the employer used laid down procedures of the company to come up with a trumped charge of little performance as the basis of his dismissal. First off, this is not a case of poor performance because the underlying problem is change of system from manual to a computerised system. Regardless of human learning capabilities and ingenuity, it is utterly out(predicate) for one to learn new systems in under a month. When the company (Fit & Well Co. Ltd.) was instituting changes, it did not condemn the employees to make the necessary preparations to adapt to changes in the work place. Similarly, after making changes in the

Pinocchio and the Liar Liar Movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pinocchio and the liar Liar Movies - Essay Ex sufficientFletcher spends ample time with his son and the ex- wife though every promise he makes to the son, Max, happens without being fulfilled. This portrays the theme of fraudulenty, in this movie. Fletcher has pick out the habit of giving superiority to his job while giving false statements on his declining nature to wee good care of his son after his divorce with the wife. This research paper compares and contrasts the Pinocchio and Liar Liar movies in relation to their dishonesty thematic settings. One of the significant themes that are portrayed, in these films, is dishonesty. Both Pinocchio and Liar Liar movies portray their characters to be of an ever-lying nature thus making these movies inappropriate for children without parental guidance. Lastly, this paper explores the thematic differences in these two movies and their impacts on the viewers. Pinocchios kidnapping, being caged and threats for destructions leave him with n o option, but to lie in fix up to be rescued in any courting his parents refuse to turn up. The Liar Liar movie, on the other hand, portrays Fletcher as an ever-lying parent who even misses his sons fifth birthday party. The son makes an teetotal wish that, on his fifth birthday party, his father would not lie for the whole day. The father finally turned him down by not attending the birthday party. Pinocchio and Fletcher seem to have neglected their parenting debt instrument by leaving the whole upbringing aspect of the socialization process to the mothers. This is evident in Fletcher and Audrey case where they even got divorced as a result of his irresponsible character. In the Pinocchio movie, Pinocchios friend, Lampwick, introduced him to cigar smoking, but he denies it. He is dishonest of the drug abuse they carry out together, and when their parents find this out, they are severely punished. The punishment should be carried out in the dishonest cases especially to bring b ack the norms into the existence within the dishonest individuals. This becomes one of the reasons why Lampwick and Pinocchio are punished for them to comply with social norms. Morality, in these two movies, becomes the key dit of view in dishonesty as a thematic setting in both films. gambol and smoking are the order of the day between Pinocchio, Lampwick and the other boys they find on their way to Geppettos house. This brings closely the relationship between dishonesty and morality in the Pinocchio dismay pictures (Pinocchio). These characters, in addition, get wino and vandalized Jiminys dismay because of deviance and dishonest behaviors, which are exhibited by Pinocchio and his friends. This is due to the lack of rules and authority to deter them from these dishonest behaviors. In the Liar Liar movie, on the other hand, moral issues are as tumesce pictured where Fletcher indulges in the extramarital sex before and even after he divorced his wife (Liar Liar). Fletcher is im moral, and he finally confesses this through a series of embarrassing moments. He says to his wife that he erect had better sex with Miranda, his boss than he did with her, which makes him unable to tell a lie (Liar Liar).

Difference between Judicial activism and Judicial restraint Essay

Difference between discriminative activism and Judicial restraint - Essay ExampleIn Judicial restraint, the Supreme Court, as well as the settle from other lower courts occasionally, construe to the constitution in a manner that the policies placed by the Federal Government and the state governments are always taken into consideration (Lowi et.al, 2012). This implies that the decisions arrived at by the judge should acknowledge the limits of power of those in authority. Judicial activism, on the other hand, does not recognize the limits of power. This is major because the judges tend to construe the Constitution based on their own philosophies, which is a practice that many propagation results in interpretive fidelity.I believe the US Supreme Court should embrace discriminative restraint quite an than judicial activism. This is major because, in as much as we subject the judges of our land to prime(a) and inclusive training, decisions should normally be arrived on based on what is entrenched in the Constitution. In addition, judicial activism, which allows judges to arrive at decisions based on their own perceptions may result in laws macrocosm manipulated to satisfy the interests of given individuals. In addition, an unconstitutional practice, which if left unattended to, would render our constitution useless with time.An exemplification of a case where judicial restraint was duly practiced was District of Columbia vs. Heller case, which was distinguishable in 2008 after a nine-year duration (Lowi Ginsberg, Shepsle, & Ansolabehere, 2012). The matter of contention in the case was whether the D.C code.

IS POLITICAL SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IS POLITICAL SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC - Essay Example governmental recognition is the study of behaviour of people in regard to governance, organization and power play. As such it non only studies the public actions of governmental activists, but also studies the making and functioning of political institutions, structures, laws and constructs of politics. Since political scientific discipline deals with observation and deductions of theories and facts from actual situations, it can be classified as a science. An empirical theory of politics, then, is an exposition of why people behave the way they do politically (The Powermutt* Project). Ancient philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates in Greece and Chanakya in India studied politics on basis of observed phenomenon. In the medieval times, Machiavelli, of the Italian Resistance travail was among the first to study politics in a systematic way. Later, with the advent of various democratic movements, and smart resurgence in Eu rope philosophers like Hume, Hobbes, Roussseau, Marx, Locke and Voltaire made vigorous studies in political scienceIn the present times, political science is being studied both as a normative and behavioral science and is generally categorized as social science. Though research methods like statistics, stating and testing of hypothesis, draft of inferences and supporting a political theory with observable facts, and making political analysis thereof, is commonly practiced, yet, political science is not considered an exact science like physics, chemistry, and mathematics. This is because, although, some postulates can be proved unbent but they are not as fixed, rigid and universally true as the Laws of Motion, Laws of Thermodynamics, Quantum Theory, etc. Political science lacks the exactness and precision with which exact or natural sciences are studied. Thus theories, concepts and their causes differ in political science unlike those of exact sciences. For example, the causes of R epublicans

Business analytics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business analytics - Assignment ExampleWithout clear perceptiveness of the data, it is very difficult to collect clear requirement and set both specifications and expectations. Data must be clearly defined and understood to be leveraged by any platform.It is true that a proper taste of requirements and specifications is necessary for the success of a business analytics project. This would ensure that the analyst and the client are on the equal line of thought before the project starts. Clear understanding of the data is also a must, since it is airy to provide an analytical solution using data which you do not understand.Project scope move (assuming clear expectations and corresponding specifications) is the biggest risk. If all of the important pieces are covered, scope creep can cause delay, confounded development milestones, design flaws and an ultimately late, over budget and incomplete project.The writer does not seem to turn in an understanding of project scope creep. Sc ope creep occurs when the scope of a project changes, in most cases grows, during development. With objectives and requirements properly specified at the beginning of the project, this should not be an issuea) A clear might to translate and interpret business requirements into technical ideas I have found that this soft skill is short necessary in the age of portable, mobile, agile and high volume analytics. There is no really qualification to encapsulate technical staff from business users and the direct communication between the two can firmly influence success and trust.b) A consentient understand of SQL(and NoSQL methods if appropriate), data relationships, and basic database design all solid analytics professionals should have good SQL skills and a solid ability to explore, understand and prototype data. This gives them a significant taper start when discussing and analyzing requirements and designs.c) An ability to frame and bracket an analytics problem and isolate

Overpopulatio in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Overpopulatio in the unite States - Essay ExampleThis makes the US one of the fastest growing nations in the line of industrialized nations in the mankind. This over existence has caused various problems in the country, such(prenominal) as scarcity of resources, environmental issues, and economical consequences. Moreover, the problem of overcrowding also presents lack of education, and other issues which might cause troubles for the humanity.It is anticipated that by the year 2050, the population of the nation will be increased by around 130 million people, which is nearly equal to the addition of four more states the size of California. This study presents a detailed research on the proposition of overpopulation in the United States. It undertakes to consult various resources, publications and databases to obtain information regarding the subject at hand. The causes of overpopulation are considered on with an elaborated discussion on the effects and consequences of the issue.T he concept of overpopulation in not new to the current world and has been debated upon much by the researchers and authors. The definition of the term overpopulation is slackly given by the writers as a normally adverse and detrimental context in which the number of organisms goes beyond carrying capacity of its environment (Ian, 2007). This terminology generally pertains to the association between the two variables environment and human population. The environment can either refer to a small geographical area or entire earth.During the past few years, the population in the United States has increased by more than double. It is said that if the population of the world in the coming century is cipher by the same amount, there shall be more than one billion people around the globe. This change magnitude population, in turn, affects many features which include the negative contribution to the beauty of land, forests, environment and the entire ecosystem. Then, the social problems su ch as increasing attention in schools and lack of teachers

Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Evaluation - Essay ExampleP arnts are overworked and stressed at levels unseen in recent times they are working longer hours, sleeping less, and are faced with ch in every last(predicate)enges their own parents did not face. This along with the greater numbers of single parent and double income households means that the parents are stretched to their limits. The television is a convenient babysitter allowing these parents a minute or twain to cook dinner, clean the house, and whatever other duties they need to complete daily. It is easy to tell a nestling to turn the television on, assured that they will sit in that location and be entertained. It requires a minimum of supervision, and ensures that there will be relative quiet while they are watching.I am guilty as are most mothers I know of allowing the television to help me with my children too often. I worry that if they snap outside the serial killer lurking beneath the neighbors bushes may grab them. If they are in the ho use, as least I know they are safe. We have all heard too more than stories of children that were left unsupervised for just a minute and were then gone. My mother has told me stories of when she was growing up, they were let gratuitous all over the town to ride their bikes until dark as young as 7 or 8. Mothers in this day and time cannot comprehend allowing their children out of their site for long periods of time, let alone all day roaming over the entire town. We have to be more cautious because there are more predators now than ever before. So, if we dont have the time to watch them outside, it is easiest to keep them safe at heart in front of the T.V. .Television in small, monitored doses can be good for children. Certainly not all television is bad. Educational programming allows them to learn things they might not have had the opportunity to learn otherwise. It withal shows them far away places so that the world seems a little smaller, and they experience more of it. Ho wever, the American tie-up of Pediatrics recommends no more

Marketing Plan - Echeverry Vodka Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan - Echeverry Vodka - Essay ExampleThe company understands the significance of retaining customers therefore, it will work on the principle that commercializeing strategy will aim to match its customers by making a redoubtable name in the market. Mission The Echeverry Vodka mission is to lead the best(p) feeling and innovative production of wine in the American market. The company will keep very close and excellent relationships with the consumers to fulfill their inevitably and requirements. Company will satisfy consumers at any place or time with the best quality product. The Echeverry Vodka will also keep satisfactory profit margins from its business to introduce the companys harvest-time and financial stability. The vodka company will maintain a friendly and healthy working environment by adding value to the people and implement innovative marketing strategies to strengthen market position by introducing innovative, new, and best quality products in the exis ting competitive market. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives for the vodka company that they will follow to maintain its growth and position in the market are Every month, the company will sustain its positive degree growth and stability. Each quarter, company will show increasing market penetration. The company will concept marketing strategies with huge campaigns for awareness of its product through the trade shows, which will be figured go forth by the consumers responses and feedbacks on quality of the product. The company will use different modes of advertising to market their product through media, home programs and special shows, through direct mails, hotel guides and different charity events. Market inevitably To determine the postulate of market is the most significant management activity for companies because it is useful for making or developing the new product (Morey, Maybury, & Thuraisingham, 2002). The company will provide tasteful wine to its customers and taste of Echeverry Vodka will be different from the competitors wine. Most of the people in Virginia are experiencing similar taste of wine therefore, it is the need of the market to introduce new wine different from others, and people will be able to do a different feeling when experiencing that wine. Echeverry Vodka seeks to provide high quality wine to its customer for making them satisfy and enticing them to drink this wine again. Market Analysis and Competitors Due to the economic downturn of 2008, the Virginia wine constancy has seen a decline, because people became hesitant of buying the product for their luxury. Due to this reason, the competitors have cut down their prices because they do not want to lose their market share (Full Glass Research, 2011). However, Echeverry Vodka has decided to launch itself because it is predicted that the wine pains will increase by 11% in the year 2013, and revenues of this industry will increase up to $49 billion. The popularity of mixed drinks is rapidly increasing in the market and consumers spending for non-durable goods has increased to a greater extent than 6% therefore, company has an opportunity to launch itself at this stage. The main competitors of Echeverry Vodka are Absolut Vodka and Smirnoff because the rates these competitors are pass is similar to the rates of Echeverry Vodka (ABC, 2012). Financial Objective The Financial Objectives that Echeverry Vodka Company will follow are as follows Every quarter the company

The development of paragraphs in passing information Article

The development of paragraphs in passing information - Article ExampleAdditional sentences that build a paragraph often meditate the key ideas thus advancing the theme. Lacone (2003) indicates that coherence is a crucial characteristic, which entail the correlation between the sentences inside the paragraphs and the theme sentence. This enhances the aptitude of a reader to understand the ideologies presented. Coherence can also denote connectedness between the various facts and themes within sentences. Lacone (2003) indicates that unity is a crucial aspect, which means that the ideas presented within the paper should be related. Indeed, presenting unrelated facts often affects the readability of the paragraph. Furthermore, it limits the flow of concepts. It is thus imperative for a writer to develop fair to middling facts with the intention of attaining unity. Accuracy is an imperative paragraph quality. It is essential for a paragraph to focus on the convey words or aspects. This indicates that the piece will center on the desires the readers. Furthermore, it will shun unnecessary concepts that lick the writing long and boring. Accuracy arises from research or adequate representation of facts (Lacone, 2003). The proportion of sentences housed in a paragraph is equally crucial. It is important to acknowledge that an effective paragraph ought to house close to six sentences.

The Adult -Gerontology Nurse Practitioner Research Paper

The Adult -Gerontology Nurse Practitioner - look Paper ExampleIt is therefore the duty of an self-aggrandising-gerontology nurse practitioner to provide the required interest for these patients. primer for choosing adult-gerontology I chose the adult nurse practitioner with the emphasis on gerontology because I have antecedently worked in a geriatric population in the treat homes and with hospice. My interaction with the geriatrics in these homes was an brainchild to a new challenge in advanced breast feeding practice. In addition, through the interaction, I gained a lot of knowledge and experience in this advanced nursing field. Also, the elderly people suffer from more ailments that result from their low immunity hence provide room for more research and experience in the nursing field thus influenced me to choose to choose this topic. Roles of an adult-gerontology nurse An adult gerontology nurse provides a special care to the old people in the nursing homes. He or she is ch arged with the office of ensuring that the nutrition levels of the patients are as required, the patients receive medication at the correct time, the patients undergo the required mundane exercises and in some instances, they are charged with the responsibility of providing psychological support to the patients. ... Apart from going to the nursing colleges, nurses they require further training in seminars and workshops organized by their institutions or even their affiliate associations (Paige and Loney, 1977). whatever states are also strict on the issuance of certifications before a nurse can full practice. Scope of practice The American Nurses Association has a set of the scope and revised guidelines for nursing practices to be followed by all nurses operating in the United States. Adult nurse practitioners are allowed to asses and diagnose patients with injuries and new(prenominal) common diseases. He or she is able-bodied to locate for lab examination of the patient and a lso meditate the lab reports so as to suggest the best nursing intervention. In addition, it is within the scope of the adult nursing practitioner to have a personal relationship with the patient that would be beneficial for the handling of the patient. However, the adult nurse practitioners are limited to make some decisions on their own. This is because certain decisions require the approve of the family members who may be absent at that time. Comparison between adult nursing practitioner and family nursing practitioner A family nursing practitioner has the skills of prevention and containing of diseases. He or she is charged with the responsibility of assessing, diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute symptoms. Due to their expertise in general medical knowledge, they can be able to handle both the young and the older patients. In addition, family nurse practitioners require only a unmarried mans degree in nursing and a license from the state government in order to ope rate legally. However, an adult nurse practitioner is an advanced nurse with a specialization in the care of the

Why Golf Is a Sport Essay Example for Free

Why golf game Is a Sport EssayA matter of opinion has uncaring a variety of gass enthusiasts apart, due to the ongoing debate of whether golf is a skylark or only a cleverness. Famed golfer Arnold Palmer decl atomic number 18d, Golf is deceptively simple and endlessly complicated it satisfies the soul and frustrates the intellect. It is at the same time rewarding and maddening and it is without a doubt the greatest plot of ground mankind has invariably invented. (ThinkQuest. com) These words state what some(prenominal) suspensor experiences and feels when he/she is turning a double play, making the game pleasing three point shot, or throwing a hail mary pass for a touchdown. Golfers atomic number 18 athletes too, they train for that big moment just like any other athlete, hardly they do it salways all(prenominal)y and gain the glory for themselves. Golf has increasingly become known non as a sport, but as a skill, which is a huge misconception that I intend to set the facts straight. The definition of a sport is narrowly defined, and to one its own opinion, but Golf is a competition just like every other sport, winning is its pinnacle. Golf requires the number one characteristic that is vital to all sports hand-eye coordination. These men and women employment their athletic ability to reach the top of their game.Golf takes sports to a different level and is played on its own terms. To each his own opinion, but why has the definition of a sport being termed as so narrowly? The NCAA defines a sport as An institutional activity involving physical exertion with the shoot for of competition versus other teams or individuals within a collegiate competition structure. Furthermore, sport includes regularly plan team and/or individual, head-to-head competition (at least five) within a defined competitive season(s) and order rules with rating/scoring systems ratified by official regulatory agencies and governing bodies.Baseball, basketball, footb all, hockey, and nevertheless golf introduction these qualities of what is defined as a sport. There has been a considerable amount of people who tend to pause golf as a sport, only a skill or activity. Yet, many people purpose the physical exertion aspect with golf, that it does not require any. These objectors who say golf should not be include in that defined group are ignorant to athletics and its regulations. My definition of a sport is a competition that involves athletes who play to win within a certain structure of rules and regulations.Anyone can be an athlete they do not wee-wee to be good to play a sport, as long as they try with some effort. A sport requires certain qualities of an individual too that it can not be without. Hand-eye coordination is vital to every sport out there. A basketball player has to shoot the ball into the hoop, a football player has to throw the ball to an open receiver, a baseball player has to swing a bat to contact a 95 mile per hour fas tball, and golfers have to swing their club and hit a tiny ball a couple hundred yards. It is the number one aspect that is demand in all sports. Although it is common to associate sports with many other qualities.The manly qualities of other sports such as cheerleaders and fights usually are not included in golf, some figure because it is missing these qualities, that it should not even be considered a sport. Cheerleaders are important to sports. They keep the crowd excited they keep the participants enthused about winning and they give you something else to cypher at when the action on the field of play grinds to a halt. With golf theres not a lot of action to begin with. (Irvin) Although golf is missing the appendages that invigorate other sports with such audacity, the onlookers keep their golfers need for silence and concentration.It is a sport which requires a massive amount of concentration, just like any other sport. Irvin states his idea that cheerleaders are important t o sports, when in fact cheerleading has nothing to do at all with the style of play. He is right that they keep the crowd excited, but that is the only reason why they are there, they do not play, they yell and dance. It makes me wonder why one would think that Golf needs to have cheerleaders to keep the crowd excited when the golfers need a massive amount of concentration.Yet regular sports fans kibosh that each sport is different, and that is what makes them stand out and appeal to others. Golf does not appeal to some, but a lot of people play the sport religiously, reason being one does not have to be the typical in shape athlete that most are. Golfers are athletes too, and train to be good ones. light a club and hitting a ball three hundred plus yards requires muscle effectuality in the torso and upper body. Golfers are just the kind of athletes who do not need to hash out long-term big money contracts, and scratch themselves while being interviewed after play is over (Lowe ).Golf is not a team sport either it is an individual sport and the glory is captured for them, and they take self-respect and honor after an amazing feat as any athlete would. The honor and competitiveness of this sport has trickled down to the much supportive fan base. After exposing the truths and presenting evidence about one of the greatest sports ever to be played, we can no longer dispute golf as just a skill or activity, but declare Golf a real sport. It is important to sports enthusiasts everywhere that they have to look beyond the typical definition of a sport and expand their minds.Golfers are athletes too, playing for the top sugar every time they step onto the course. Golf is gaining popularity by the second, no longer can it be verbalize to be not a real sport. Golf justifies what every sport should be, the way it is played, the master key maturity that every golfer shows, and competition. Merriam Webster defines a sport as 1) physical activity engaged in for pleas ure (2) a particular activity (as an athletic game) so engaged in. Golf qualifies as a sport according to this definition and until it is changed, it will remain one of the legendary sports to play.

Ethics and Global Business Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Global Business EssaySkyscrapers, malls, restaurants, hotels, resorts, city lights, busy highways, and halcyon businesses- without a doubt, China has already blossomed from a sleeping nation into an sparing giant. From a orbit that erst speckle resisted the ball-shaped rack upet, it now thrives as one of the leaders in world economy. In fact, China comes in with the second largest Gross Domestic Product last 2008 with a total amount of $7. 8 meg (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). This invites this country one of the fastest captureing nations in the world. This great stride is the result of Deng Xiaopings dream and effort for economical reform.Over the past 30 historic period, globalization helped tore down the trade barriers which in turn, expanded the Peoples Republics investment, businesses, and knowledge. The effects of globalization in China be simply staggering. In fact, it is even impossible to imagine that some 25 to 30 social classs past this country is kn own only for its history of policy-making and economic problems escorted by social turmoil and fragmentation (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). Chinas path towards economic reform began during the late 70s when its giving medication started to fit a more pragmatic action to its numerous political as tumesce as socioeconomic dilemmas.This different perspective resulted in the decrease of its socialist ideology in the countrys economic policy. During this time, the government focused its attention in economic productivity by introducing new management methods in its industrial, agricultural, financial, fiscal, as well as sedulousness sector. In 1984, Chinas idea of peoples commune was eventually eliminated after its 25-year existence. Private ownership of agricultural and industrial production assets were decl ard legal, while workers were encouraged to find private employment.Apart from this, belittled enterprises and businesses in country-style areas excessively came in by the numbers . This resulted in increased competition as well as an increase in trading (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). These small steps helped this country prepare for its great leap forward. Chinas economic growth finally came in when the government decided to fully integrate its economy with the international market. Efforts were then made to make several Chinese regions open for abroad investments. Incentives and favors on taxes, patents, as well as contracts were passed as a way of attracting international investors.Although the governments efforts to draw foreign investors were on full force, its bureaucratic issues such as political corruption and social fragmentation caused its vision for economic reform to slow down. flash eventually surged in which then caused the country to lag behind considerably. By the early 1990s, China re get ined its momentum as its leader Deng Xiapong suggested various pronouncements geared towards reinventing and renewing the countrys goal for economic reform. Th is label Chinas growth to function one of the worlds economic giants.The following years saw how this country quest to improvement not only its economy but excessively administrative system. By 2003, the government proposed several policies and amendments to address its ever changing economic system. Legislators also placed in a new emphasis on balancing the income distribution in both urban and rural areas, reducing unemployment rate, improving equity, while at the same time protecting its natural resources. In 2005, the government approved a five-year economic program which is geared towards creating a harmonious society.This program eventually calls for a 45 percent growth in its Gross Domestic Product as well as a 20 percent decrease in its energy consumption by the year 2010. Apart from this, the program also underlined the importance of an improved education, social security, as well as medical care system (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). From the 70s up to the present, Chinas effort s to development their economy allowed them set out as the second largest GDP in terms of Purchasing Power Parity and the third largest when it comes to industrial Output (Guthrue, 2006, p.7). Indeed, globalization allowed this country to create important developments as well rapid progress. However, the countrys growth in economic dominance does not only create benefits, but it also creates threats to the countrys culture, tradition, and way of life. Although globalization brings many benefits and advances, it also brings with it several consequences that must be properly addressed. In the paper Urban Development in Global Periphery, Sanjoy Chakravorty (2003) explained that globalization has two varied elements.This includes economic globalization which stirs to the integration of markets and ideological globalization which refers to the political idea that underlie the spread of market, trade, and democracy (Chakravorty, 2003, p. 357). While economic globalization domiciliate b e effectively used to improve and development a countrys economic status ideological globalization on the other hand, can have a congenator detriment to the countys culture and way of life. One of the staggering consequences of globalizations in China is the threat of losing its identity.Chakravorty (2003), explains that globalization is a homogenizing process (Chakravorty, 2003, p. 361). This creates not only an economic but also a cultural mark that leads a country to adapt the values, taste, and even identity of the dominating global economy. Some scholars even refer to this as the Mcdonaldization or the Cocacolonization of a nations cultural identity and value. Although patronizing foreign products can help the economy, there is also this underlying threat that such products may cause the people to bar their own and ultimately adopt the values that the foreign products brings.In the case of China, a country that was erst known for its rich culture, the Great Wall, fascinatin g dynasties, and many more, may receive replaced by foreign countersign of McDonalds, KFC, and Coca-Cola. Inequality is also an important issue that must be considered along with globalization. As technology and foreign businesses continue to spread, it is also very likely that the gap between the rich and poor will become wider. Although globalization played an important role in decreasing poverty, this same thing may also create a bigger gap between the haves and have-nots.This is because the income gaps between skilled workers and non-skilled workers will continue to grow despairingly large. This is especially true for China. The income inequality becomes much more prominent due to the huge gain enjoyed by its upper crust (Seeking Alpha, 2007). Human right is another globalization issue that must be carefully considered. Although globalization has exacerbated poverty in many parts of China, it is still important to take crinkle that most of the laborers in this country receive below the minimum wage.The pressures of globalization can lead to labor exploitation especially in rural regions. In this situation, the women and the children are always the first victims. Most women become laborers in a sweatshop setting while receiving a low salary. Children on the other hand are forced to work in factories. The human issues regarding globalization become even worst as the laborers are often subjected in sweat shop settings. Oftentimes, the workers are exposed to an environment which is hazardous to their health. Most of the workers also lack the basic health and accident benefits.Indeed, globalization has delivered the world its promises of economic development and growth. However, it is also necessary to remember and consider the ugly side of this phenomenon. Inequality, human rights, and even the threat of losing national and ethic identity are just some of the many consequences of globalization. Although resolving these issues all at once may be a far cry, it can still be addressed through effective and good governance. teaching and awareness regarding the consequences of globalization must also be implemented and disseminated.References Chakravorty, Sanjoy (2003). Urban development in the global periphery The consequences of economic and ideological Globalization. The Annals of Regional Science 37, p. 357-367 Guthrie, Douglas (2006). China and globalization the social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society. CRC pres, p 1-398. Seeking Alpha (2007). Why Globalization Is Boosting Inequality in ontogenesis Nations. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from http//seekingalpha. com/article/36616-why-globalization-is-boosting-inequality-in-developing-nations.

Voting Age Essay Example for Free

b on the wholeoting Age EssayDemocracy is an egalitarian form of government in which all the citizens of a landed estate together determine public policy, the laws and the actions of their state, requiring that all citizens (meeting certain qualifications) have an equal opportunity to express their mental picture. And that opinion is expressed by the simple act of choose which is one of the most important human rights . In lebanon , we get introduced to that concept at a young mount in school when kids get to balloting for their class president for instance, then we develop a better understand of its political aspect at university. During the 19th century , the most common age at which the citizens acquired the right to vote was 21 or higher . However , by the end of the 20th century the voting age has become 18 in almost all countries with the exception of Lebanon and a few others. Some people believe that Lebanon should spurn its voting age from 21 to 18 and many proposa ls were made regarding that , but be 18 days old hither mature enough to make such decisions? Does the Lebanese history allow them to vote independently despite their parents cival war grudges? And finally are we ready to disturb our sectary balance with the flood tide of upstart voters?In most western countries , when you r each(prenominal) self-aggrandizinghood you become on your own . You excise out of your parents house , get a job to pay for your own education and move on from there . Whereas thats non the case in Lebanon . Rare are the people that leave shell at 18 here due to many traditional beliefs youth usually stay with their parents savings bank their married. Thus we dont learn responsibility at this young age like adults in other countries. It might be true that giving younger people voting rights will press politicians to take them seriously but its also very dangerous 18 year olds although in adult bodies, still have the mind of children that have to be pr otected . At 21 , their political views are likely to be more thoughtful than at 18 who are just going to write their parents opinions or adopt silly ideas for the sake of rebellion such as voting for legalizing drugs .. In admission , Lebanon has suffered from a 16 year civil war. Even though it ended 22 years past we are still enduring its consequences til this day. So arguments and rules that apply to other countries cant be applied here.The jejuneness campaign and the Civil one that proposed the lowering of the voting age should reconsider the item that youth here are very much influenced by their parents whofaught in the civil war and still hold family grudges against each other. They are not independent with their political thoughts , they seek vengeance for their parents instead of making conscious decisions base on knowledge and education after the university experience . Furthermore, university elections have clearly shown over the years that Lebanese youth are not re ady or mature enough for this kind of responsibility with all the clashes that has been happening between youth that follow diverse political parties like the fight between supporters of the future day Movement and Haraket Amal at the Lebanese American University in November 2011 that led to many injuries or even different clashes at Notre Dame University, Lebanese university and othersLast but not least , the main reason why the Lebanese Parliament has rejected the bill to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 is the fact that it led to a sharp division between Muslim and Christian politicians. Lebanon has 18 different sects, that track down according to a sectary law . it seems amending the voting age would add far more Muslims than Christians to voter rolls . Rabih Haber, president of the research company Statistics Lebanon, have done an approximate study and got his numbers from the Interior Ministry .It says that with the new voters, it would add nearly 175,000 Muslims and aro und 58,000 Christians to the roles with Shia Muslims being the sect with the most potential new voters. To change the voting age , lawmakers must amend the constitution which requires the support of two-thirds of both the cabinet and Parliament which will not happen because different Political Parties have different benefits and this law is only beneficial for Huzballah and Amal and disturbing the sectarian balance in a country like Lebanon cant be healthy .In Conclusion , I think the perfect age for voting in Lebanon is 21 since at that age the youth have enough maturity and independence to make their own decisions without basing it on history feuds and agnate brainwashing. Plus I dont think Lebanon can afford an instability in its sectarian system just yet . Maybe if we were more politically stable , that change would have been thinkable but with these conditions I think giving 18 year olds the right to vote can be very dangerous and they might use it in foolish ways .References http//www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=142180http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_agehttp//www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Nov-01/152795-student-supporters-of-hariri-berri-fight-at-beirut-university.ashxaxzz1qUe64XuF http//www.euromedp.org/testimonies/lebanon/

Academic Honesty Essay Example for Free

academician Honesty essayAcademic misconduct and dissatinpod is prevalent in bases of higher learning, especially with online students (Staats, Happ Hagley, two hundred8). The lack of academic money plant affects the integrity of the existences, of tier programs, and the character of current and future students (Staats, Happ Hagley, 2008). Studies pass water fork overn that a student who strives to be academically ingenuous completes work that is morally and ethically sound. They ensure that all of their work is their get or that they collect given credit to the original source (Academic Ethics, 2014). Academically honest students exhibit characteristics such as empathy, courage, and honesty more often than do less honest students. The high prevalence of these characteristics is a good prognosticator of a lower occurrence of academic dishonesty (Staats, Happ Hagley, 2008). Honesty and Heroes A Positive psychological science view of Heroism and Academic Honest, a s tudy published in the Journal of Psychology in 2008, was performed to show how heroism is related to academic honesty in online students. The study showed that fifty percent of students involved in the study admitted to lacking academic honesty in their schoolwork (Staats, Happ Hagley, 2008).The first experiment involved 200 students from the Mid-west with an average age of 22. 3 years. Three measures were used to test voltage academic honesty, including courage, honesty, and empathy. Results showed that these measures were inter-correlated and lead to the potential for cheating and other forms of academic dishonesty (Staats, Happ Hagley, 2008). The second experiment involved 69 undergraduates from the same Mid-western institution with an average age of 20. 03 years. Results showed that most students reported cheating on exams or lying in their own interest (Staats, Happ Hagley, 2008).The authors found that those students who decided not to cheat had a high degree of academic eq uity which they defined as heroism (Staats, Happ Hagley, 2008). ACADEMIC HONESTY AND THE ONLINE STUDENT DOUET 3 Prior to reading this article, I hadnt put together that empathy, courage, and honesty are some of the characteristics found in an academically honest student. I was surprised about the amount of people who admit to academic dishonesty. Scriptures tell us in Proverbs 1222 that lying lips are an abomination to the Lord, but those who act faithfully are his delight. In orderto please the Lord a student needs to work with integrity throughout their degree program and ensure that all of their work is theirs or is supported by those to whom the work is originally credited. I testament apply the characteristics of heroism such as courage, empathy, and honesty in all of my coursework. I will ensure that all of the work that I submit will be my own and if I assume any ideas from others, I will credit them for the work. The amount of academic dishonesty involved with college st udents is astounding, and needs to be corrected using the Christian worldview which states that we should live and work with integrity.In Proverbs 109, Jesus tells us that whoever walks in integrity walks securely, but he who makes his ways crooked will be found out. The more link up students have for others, and the more noble-minded students and more morally sound they are, the less likely they are to cheat. By encouraging those virtues in the student body, the university will garner a higher degree of respect for the institution and degree programs that they offer. In conclusion, as we hear in Hebrews 1318, Pray for us, for we are sure that we have a clear conscience, desiring to act honorably in all things. ACADEMIC HONESTY AND THE ONLINE STUDENT DOUET 4.References Academic Ethics. (2014, January 1). . Retrieved June 12, 2014, from https//www. liberty. edu/index.cfm? PID=24212this_session_key=86vE59559nh834YHx1u4OX993N94898H2t72B1ZmG8 3kfullnameErrorCode=ns=falsewebsite=year= 2014term=30returnCASTicket =TGT-132907-BkExOI1gz9ZiSKCCxCaTCAaNIMyYs9JQJWGlo9lm3fmviRTkgX-cas2 prod. liberty. eduCFID=249618158CFTOKEN=24951222 Moscetelli, R. G. (2005). The Quote Manuel Wisdom and Wit of the Ages. Author House. Staats, S. , Happ, J. M. , Hagley, A. M. (2008). Honesty and Heroes A Positive Psychology View of Heroism and Academic Honesty. The Journal of Psychology, 142, 357-72.

Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Western Civilization EssayRome was one and only(a) of the greatest conglomerates that ever lived. With either of its power, it was the center of the world. Rome was a united empire and with the support of its citizens the empire went on to live for much than years. Rome had umteen strengths such as wealth, location, and especi whollyy their soldiers. Their geographical location made them very affectionate and powerful because universe by the sea made trade easy as well as exporting and importing to help grow the empire. The romish imperium started small and rapidly spread finished Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The papistic pudding stone was lead by emperors.For galore(postnominal) years papisticals controllight-emitting diode all split of the government and military, but lento they started to fall apart. Every decision that Rome made had a colossal affect on the empire. Because of the decisions the Roman imperium made, it created a domino affect on the empire and the empire then started to fall apart. Also, many thoughtless decisions made by emperors weakened the city and eventually caused the Roman empire to crumble. The empire eliminated due to political, economic, and apparitional reasons. It as well come downd because of the military and the decreasing population.The Roman empire began in 27BC and before that it was callight-emitting diode the Roman Republic. Since they expanded and gained so much power they became the Roman Empire. While the Roman Empire grew, so did everything else. It made many improvements in the arts and sciences. They also encouraged men and women to boast an education. The Romans was a modern empire because it allowed their mint to be free, but also deliver them understand that they have to describe the laws. Most empires did non allow the freedom the Roman Empire gave their people, and that is wherefore the Roman Empire was one of the best. The reasons why the Roman Empire was the be st because it kept the society together and the military helped with they safety of the people. superstar reason why the Roman Empire radioactive decayd was because of religious views.Rome was united because they followed the same religion. Since they followed the same religion, views, and ideas it kept them together. The Roman religion affected the people in a good way and taught them to stay together. The sore religion of Christianity started to attract a majority of the Romans. Everyone started to follow Christianity and it become part of everyones lives. Since everyone started to follow Christianity and what is what doing to the people, the Roman emperors felt that Christianity was really powerful and could be a possible threat to the Roman Empire. Many of the Romans pull to the faith of Christianity and they refused to abandon it because it was the more or less important part of their life.The Romans took their beliefs very seriously and would do anything to livelihood th em. Because the Romans went against the Emperors, it direct to many differences in the society. Also, Romans started to disconnect from the united Roman Empire. The Romans were splitting up and they were non united anymore. This caused the decline in patriotism and the Romans were not as patriotic as they used to be. The Romans disunity from the religion also caused problems in politics and government. By the time Constantine legalized Christianity it was too late because the Roman people were already on their own. The judgement to ban Christianity was a terrible decision and caused the empire to fall.An crude(prenominal) reason why the empire flee was because of the many political problems. One major problem with the Empire was that it was a huge city, spreading from Spain to the Iranian Gulf. The Roman government system was built to control a small region, not an empire. Since the empire was so huge, it was very sturdy to go from one side to the early(a) side. Because of the huge area it was also vexed to communicate with everyone. Back the, they did not have clear roads or cars to travel so it was hard to keep the whole empire under one government. Because they could not keep the whole empire together, deuce capitals were created. The capitols separated the empires, the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire, but they were still one huge empire. They followed the same laws, rules. Adding the import capitol however, added economic problems. The government could not control the whole region and started to make mistakes.The emperors in charger afterward the huge empire was created were not trained to deal with the huge land and that is why theymade mistakes. With that, the soldiers missed trust of the emperors and started to take orders from the general. In those times, the military was mostly everything and that showed how strong and powerful the empire really is. Because of this military not trusting the emperor, it was most likely that the empire w ould fall. Because they expanded so much and did not do how to control it caused their decline. When the Empire was split into the eastern and western fractional it caused many problems. Splitting the region resulted in having two different emperors.Having two different rulers caused much confusion and they both had different ideas. The Eastern half of the Empire was made up of the heavily urbanized and rich trading cities of Greece, Persia, and Egypt, whereas the Western Empire was comprised of quite a poor, small cities and extensive farmland. Splitting the empire caused the people to be not united. Having the people ruled by separate emperors was difficult because the Roman Empire is used to being united and together. This caused people to have more of an opinion, which caused the decline of the Empire as a whole.The most important factor that leads the fall of Rome was the decline of the economy. The Romans were very wealthy, but slowly their economic system started to decrea se. Rome made most of its specie from victorious over other countries and empires. When they invaded other countries and territories they took their money and resources to help the Roman Empire grow. They stopped acquire their money because on that point were no more countries or empires to take over or conquer. Since Rome did not have a fixed economy, they had no more money. The Romans did not set up an economy where they would have a flow of money. Also, when the military declined, other nations stopped paying tributes and taxes that ran the military and the empire. This led to the Roman Empire not having enough money to support the empire. Because money was scarce, roads and bridges were stopped being built which led to a decrease in trade.One way they were making lots of money was from trade. Since that was decreasing, it stopped them getting money. Because there were less places to travel, trading decreased. Because the people had no one too trade their food with farmers w ere affected. Eventually, the farmers unaccompanied died out and Romes main economic ordainr was lost. Also, wars were a great impact on the economy. The Roman Empire fought many wars, and as theyfought more, they needed more money. The empire was spending most of the money in the military. later(prenominal) on they did not have the money to support the military. Because they needed more money, they started to make more coins. fashioning more money caused inflation. Because the government could not receive money through other places, their empire slowly declined due to the inflation. The economic problem caused many other problems to arise. Since they had no money, they couldnt protect their country or their people. Because of the economic issue everything else started to fall apart and that is why the main reason of the empires decline was because of their economic issues.The Roman Empire also was not very up to date with using and inventing engineering science, which caused provided about of the fall. The Roman Empire was using slaves to do many of their work. The empire was an agricultural economy so most of their money would come through farming, so they would have slaves doing this. Since they had slaves, they did not progress in terms of advance their technology. Having people do their work for little or no pay, they did not realize it would affect them. When something was needed, they would just use the slaves to make it or get it. This caused the empire to decline because they never furthered their research or technology to keep up with the rest of the world. Because they did not have the resources to keep updated they were being left behind and other countries were attack the empire. Also, they did not advance in their weapons, so the military was weak. They didnt invent any new weapons, while other countries and empires were having new weapons. Having no technology caused the empire to decline.The decline of the Roman Empire was also caused b ecause of the empires leaders. If the leaders were qualified and knew which was best for the empire, the empire may have survived. For example, the emperors should have made a overcompensate system for the economy. If they had a legitimate way of getting money, then the empire would have not crashed. Since the emperors believed they would be getting money from their takeovers, they would be okay. They did not realize that one day they would be no more places to conquer. Also, when the trading had stopped, the emperors should have found another way to do the trading, but they did not.The emperors of the RomanEmpire were not experienced enough to handle the responsibility and that is why the Roman Empire fell. Also, Christianity was outlawed to keep all of the Roman citizens under complete control, but that did not happen. The people rebelled when they were told they could not follow Christianity. The emperors also could not control their huge empire. Because they were wide spread, t hey had a hard time keeping everything and everyone under control. With the right leadership, many of these problems would have not even occurred. Also, problems would have been resolved much quicker because the leader would do it what he is doing.Another important reason for the decline of the empire was the invasions. The Romans have been fighting against the barbarians for many years. The Roman Empire had to be on the look out from the barbarians that lived on the borders. These barbarians formed a constant threat for invading Rome. Since the empire was so big, it needed more manpower to cover all the borders. After time, they did not have enough people in the military to secure the borders, After time, the barbarians were out numbering the Romans. They were also getting stronger.The barbarians started to close in on the Empire. During the war, Rome was not as powerful and the barbarians were crushing them. The Romans could not vanquish them because the barbarians kept coming. The barbarians completely overwhelmed the Roman people. The Romans were getting killed and no one to replace them with. Because the shortage of people in the military, the barbarians came and invaded the Roman Empire. The empire could not protect itself because of the multiple problems. One problem caused another and another. If Roman Empire had money to support the military and have it be strong as powerful like it was before, the Empire would have not been invaded.Towards the end of the empire, the decreasing in population had an effect on the empire. Depopulation occurred for many reasons. Because there was no trade, there were no farmers and industries, and also less people in the military. The shortage of industry led to Romans importing goods rather than exporting. Since they had no money, industries did not have enough money to run and make goods. Therefore, people who worked in the industries had no jobs and had to go elsewhere to get a job.The shortage of farmers led toRoma ns depending on other nations for food, basic needs of life. Depending on other countries did not help that much because they did not always give the Romans what they wanted and when they wanted it. The military was reduced because there was not enough people to join and keep it as big as they did before. This shortage of people was brought on by a a couple of(prenominal) factors. Because of having economic problems, people left, which made the Roman Empire smaller and weaker. The military was not as big as it used to be which caused other nations to see the Roman Empire as weak.There were many reasons why the Roman Empire declined. It took the Roman Empire many years to come to an end. The Roman Empire stood for many years and it was one of the best empires that ever stood. The empire was strong and united, but eventually it came to an end. The economy was one big problem because it affected and started many other problems to follow. When the economy crushed, it caused a huge affe ct on the empire as a whole. The empire was not getting money, which stopped many projects and trading. The empire was not strong and powerful anymore because they had no money to support the military and trading. Other big problems were the religious and political issues. Christianity had a major outlook as it came into effect. When the new religion came about, it caused the people to separate and dubiousness their emperor.The new religion caused a lot of abruption being that the emperor banned it from ever being believed in. Many of the poor political decisions caused the decline. With the land getting bigger and bigger the government did not know how to control it and made two capitals. Having two capitals instead of caused the Roman Empire to separate and united. Some of the few small problems were the technology advancement they did not have. Not being up to date with technology caused a problem because they were using their old ways. Because they did not have the technology t hey were not as powerful. All of these reasons were causes to why the Roman Empire declined.Works CitiedGoldsmith, Edward. The Fall of the Roman Empire. n.pag. Web. 15 Nov 2012. .Gibbon, Edward. General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West. Ancient account Sourcebook n.pag. Web. 15 Nov 2012. .Bartlett, Bruce. HOW EXCESSIVE GOVERNMENT KILLED ANCIENT ROME . . N.p.. Web. 15 Nov 2012.The Fall of the Roman Empire. . Ancient Civilization . Web. 15 Nov 2012.Slavery In Ancient Rome. Ancient History Sourcebook n.pag. Web. 15 Nov 2012. .

The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration showThe Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in target to provide you with pushing from the food you eat Photosynthesis is the go in which certain life forms are able to expend temperateness to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release queen-size amounts of group O into the atmosphere as they produce much more than essential during the photosynthesis process. Aerobic respiration is an classic process in life as we know it. This process further breaks down molecules and sugars using atomic number 8. During this process adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created, used to store and transfer energy to cells throughout the body. (Aerobic respiration, 2010) Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both inevitable for each other to be able to perform their primary functio ns. One without the other would not incline properly. Between both of these processes we receive three main sources water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants and animals require all three of these in order to live.Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a lot like a circle. Animals need oxygen to live and emit carbon dioxide, while plants need carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and omit oxygen, thus complementary the circle. (Photosynthesis, 2005) During the photosynthesis stage a plant produces oxygen that aerobic respiration will use in order to break molecules, during this process electrons are released creating energy and a substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created. Through ATP, complex molecules are overturned down into simple ones, allowing them to be used appropriately.(Photosynthesis, 2005) In the absence of oxygen some cells and organisms can use glycolysis coupled to fermentation to produce energy from the sugar created by photosynthesis Fermentation allows for the production of energy without oxygen using organic compounds. Fermentation produces ATP with organic compounds like carbohydrates as the electron acceptor instead of oxygen, although less(prenominal) than cellular respiration. Yeast and muscle cells are capable of both cellular respiration and fermentation to return energy.When yeast cells are in a non-oxygen placement, the cells are forced to ferment. This is partially what it means when brewers ferment in that respect beer. Our bodies use cellular respiration, to produce ATP, as our primary source of energy during normal activity. Although when we exert bigger amounts of energy all at once like running sprints would do, the normal cellular respiration would be unable to keep up with the required amount of oxygen to create ATP, therefore fermentation begins to swear out making ATP.Cells use enzymes as biological catalysts to increase or accelerate the rate of reactions, such as those in photosynthesis or glycolysis. This all ows reactions to occur under conditions that sustain life An enzyme is simply a catalyst too something extra thats unless purpose is to speed a process up that would otherwise pee-pee a very long time. Our bodies have copious amounts of these enzymes whose only purpose is to speed up needed reactions and bonds between separate chemicals throughout the body.This bonding process is completed through what is known as enzyme substratum interactions. (Enzyme, 2005) An enzyme-substrate is most easily explained as being an extremely specific key whole in which only a specific enzyme has access to, allowing that enzyme to enter the key whole and pushing to molecules into one. An enzyme-substrate complex substrate undergoes a chemical reaction forming a new product. The substrate still has the ability to break away from the enzyme at this point allowing it the ability to form with a distinct substrate.An enzyme product is simply a solution. The eventual copulate of two chemicals to bond together forms a new enzyme product. Enzyme activity is regulated a couple of different ways, one is known as allosteric inhibition and the other is known as competitive inhibition. Competitive inhibitors declare with the active site forcing the substrate to compete with it, hence the title competitive inhibition. Allosteric inhibition is when an ion bonds to something physically on the enzyme, no on the site, changing the shape of the enzyme. (Enzyme, 2005)?References Aerobic respiration. (2010). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and support guide. Retrieved from http//www. credoreference. com. proxy. cecybrary. com/entry/heliconhe/aerobic_respiration Enzyme. (2005). In The American Heritage perception Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www. credoreference. com. proxy. cecybrary. com/entry/hmsciencedict/enzyme Photosynthesis. (2005). In The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www. credoreference. com. proxy. cecybrary. com/entry/hmscience dict/photosynthesis

Effect of Unethical Behavior Essay Example for Free

Effect of Unethical Behavior leavenThe Securities and Exchange Commission was created in 1934 to police the U. S. monetary markets. Today, the Securities and Exchange Commission continues to create legislation modify reporting standards and providing more transparency. Unfortunately, increasing standards often comes after a failure of the system. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a basal example of legislation following financial market failure. Sarbanes-Oxley influenced public businesses through transformation of the financial system.The July 2002 depiction of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, co-authored by U. S. Sen. Paul Sarbanes of Maryland and U. S. Rep. Michael Oxley of Ohio, followed a series of braggart(a) public company failures that included Enron, Tyco and WorldCom. Sarbanes-Oxley address investor confidence and fraud through reform of the public company reporting standards. However, much damage in the market occurred with the collapse of several(prenominal) major compani es between 2002 and 2004. (smallbusiness. chron. com). The impact of unethical behavior is known by many companies, and reach done damage to individuals, and businesses as well. The results of unethical behavior on a large scale would be the Enron, Tyco, and Global Crossing, or WorldCom.Greediness led to history unethical promises, and with that certain individuals became the ones who had told on their companies. Falsifying financial reports is dishonest and unethical because the financial records are supposed to show financial results of a business, and how it is growing. When accountants or managers lie about the revenue and cash flow it misleads prospective investors, stockholders, employees, and the U. S. government. So many billions of dollars draw been hidden in the paperwork, and financial statements.If I had found inconsistencies in the financial statements where I worked I would have to go through the chain of command to let them know of what I have found and if there w as nothing done then I would then think about going outside to see to it someone so I could cover myself. Unethical behavior led to the end of Enron, and the other companies, and to financial issues for many individuals all over the United States. As a result of the unethical behavior of several companies there is now the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. All companies, must comply with the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act set guidelines for ethical accounting practices.

An Essay on the Characteristics and Development of Ancient City-States Essay Example for Free

An Essay on the Characteristics and Development of Ancient City-States EssayA city-state is defined as an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of a local government. Through reading the articles of Larson, Westenholz, and Neihmer it becomes apparent that city-states differ depending on the region and beat they are in, and the purpose they serve. The three specific examples that come to mind are the Phoenicians, Assyrians, and the Sumerians. All three of these had ludicrous characteristics that define each society however, all three societies displayed enough similarities to make them definable as antique city-states. One of the defining characteristics of a city-state is the fact that it is a self-governing and self-sufficient entity. Ancient city-states provided the first attract evidence for favorable stratification and well-nigh city-states contained a control family or dynasty, which controlled the city-s tate and its surrounding hinterlands by managing the land, water, and other natural resources. Each city state also contained a council of elders which helped the ruling family serve as a controlling body of local policy.However in Assyrian city-states on that point also existed a year-eponymy, which was a person who was elected for a single year to serve as the head of the city hall. He acted as the head of the city and carried out the executive orders form the higher officials suchas the king and the elders. In Sumerian city states, kings were referred to as ensi or lugal which were names that were meant to display to citizens his power and importance, and made his rule indisputable inwardly society.Kings were relied upon to build not only monumental structures and temples for their respective deities, still also to maintain a operable infrastructure. In Phoenician city states, The king was landlord of pretentious places and sacrificial buildings. This display exists in many c ity- states and not only in Phoenician culture. The king demonstrated his power through buildings such as tombs and temples, but however, he was also the leading figure in charge of maintenance of public places, and in approximately cities, the defensive wall.There is sufficient evidence of city-walls consistently across all ancient city-states, but the fence these walls existed remains unclear. There is no archaeological evidence of warfare, or conflict between city- states. One of the most logical reasons for these walls to exist was to serve a symbolic purpose because the interior area would be posses a more clear political identity. The Assyrians, in dealing with enemies, took a unique and strict political government activity that limited trade and dealings with other city-states, and as evidenced by the archaeological record, in a letter.Their particular rule stated that if any merchandiser traded with a Akkadian Amorite or a Subariean, then the merchant would be put to dea th. Laws such as this one established a clear political spatial relation that many cities held on many issues concerning interactions with outsiders. Though The city ruler acted as the city gods human deputy and managed the assets of the city as a whole. there is also sufficient evidence for long- remoteness trade. City- states developed in Phoenician, Assyrian, and Sumerian society as important trade resources and had a significant invasion on culture.Prominent city-states were key to cultural development because they were able to support local artisans and were key centers of trade, which enabled antithetic cultures to influence one another. Sumerian city-states were located in key trade locations because their own agricultural opportunities were scarce, and they firmly relied on the trade of barley, beer and textiles to other places in order to obtain food resources form elsewhere in order to support their population. In Assyrian society, the economy was controlled by ruling families and therefore, trade was regulated depending on the ruling class.These city-states productivity was dependent upon the weather for that year, so trade would fluctuate depending on the success of the season. For Phoenician city- states, there is sufficient archaeological evidence for long- distance trade, shown in the influence and presence of foreign art and style. Furthermore, archeological evidence is supplied in the discovery of cylinder seals, which were used to ensure the authenticity of the item being traded or shipped, and ensure its condition, if the seal remained unbroken.Key developments in ancient city- states are displayed in the changes of city plans and architecture, as well as further developments in trade. In some cases, cities were set up in tribute to a specific deity. These cities were mainly located on a hill, with a temple on the highest point, with the rest of the city built around the center temple. These temples not only served as places of religiou s worship and practice, but also served as cultural and economic centers.A distinguishing characteristic of many ancient city- states is, preponderant palaces, templesof sometimes monumental size and formlie next to tightly knit living living quarters traversed by an irregular network of streets, and in most cases these cities had irregular and unique city plans from one another. The law of proximity of the households to the temple showed the importance and the involvement of the temple in the daily life of the citizens. Furthermore, the layout of the city also demonstrates social stratification.

Native Americans in California Missions Essay Example for Free

congenital Americans in atomic number 20 agencys EssaySpanish wanted to colonize some of America, salutary like the Europeans. Building religious based bursters all throughout calcium was a way for them to oppose ultimate accessible, political, and economic control. Spanish explorers arrived on the border of California during the 16th century. The truly first Franciscan mission was built in San Diego during 1769. By 1833, twenty two Spanish Missions existed from Southern California to Federal California. innate Americans made up about one-third of those who lived and work oned at the Missions. thither were an estimated 310,000 Indians living in California during the 16th century. The Spanish provided the immanent Americans with the necessities such as solid victuals, clothing, and shelter. Although the California Missions had the right intentions of providing for the homegrown Americans, the Spanish acted in an inhumane and unfair way. Junipero Serra arrived in San Diego in 1768 and lead a group of Franciscans to find property and more than importantly, workers. He welcomed the autochthonous Americans with open arms and open doors.In a primary document written by Junipero Serra himself, he admitted that he apply the internal Americans solely for work. However, he said that providing them with food and shelter compensates for their hard work. So if families other than Indian come from there, it will serve the same purpose very wellthat is, if we can provide for them(Serra). Serras defenders state that he respected the inherings culture. However, his criticizers argue that he used force to urge the inherent Americans to live at the Missions against their will.Although the inwroughts did not agree with Serras beliefs and actions, they were very reverential for the most part. For those who did not respect Serra received physical punishment with whips, chains, and stocks to enforce religious obedience (Serra). Junipero Serra was a great l eader who made sure the California Missions were in order. The California Mission had worthy intentions and plans for the Native Americans. The Spanish welcomed them into their homes and provided them with the essentials such as food, clothing, and shelter.However, living at the Missions had its consequences. The Native Americans were forced to change their entire lifestyles from their beliefs, their quotidian routines, to the way they dressed and what they ate. Although anthropologists conducted that some Native Americans enjoyed their new lives, more than eighty percent refused to convert their slipway of life (Sandos, 13). For thousands of years, the Natives were accustomed with their own lifestyle and beliefs, and all of a sudden, everything was stripped away from them. Even their ainised identity was taken away from them.The Franciscans provided each individual with Spanish names which were to be used rather of their native birth names. The missions were not agents of int entional enslavement, but rather rapid and therefore violent social and cultural change (Archibald, 24). The Native Americans ended up becoming tax pay citizens along with creation under Spanish wing twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The Franciscans had very distinguishable beliefs and traditions from the Native Americans. The Native Americans were forced to convert their religion to Roman Catholics.The Native Americans were more of a religious group rather than a religious group. Instead of believing in personified figures, such as Jesus, they believed spirit up lie within their nature. Native Americans feed their energy off of nature. They believed that they are protected by the fetch Nature that surrounded them. The Spanish used religion to explain their actions, which made it okay for them to convert the Native Americans beliefs because they were backed up by their god (California). Every person living and operative at the Mission had to be officially baptized as a rite of passage.On Sundays and holidays everyone was oblige to go to church and worship. The Natives were forced to memorize Catholic rituals, songs, and scriptures. Prayer lasted four hours on Sundays and feast days. On a regular basis on typical days, prayer lasted two hours. Catholicism was a commodious part of living at the Missions. The Missions were surrounded by Spanish soldiers so everyone was watched very closely. Once the Native Americans accepted the Spanish lifestyle, it was nearly impossible to break out. It was as if they were held against their own will. A few sources compare the discussion of Native Americans to slavery (Archibald, 48).Slavery is defined as an economic exploitation that benefits only the slave-owner. In the California Missions, the Native Americans worked solely to provide and maintain a certain lifestyle for the Spanish. Besides minimal food and shelter, the Native Americas natural human rights were stripped from them. Native America women ma de clothing, watchful meals, cleaned the rooms, and whatever domestic chores needed to be done at the Mission. Native American mothers even had to anxiety for Spanish children instead of focusing on their own (Mission). The Native American men had to hunt for food and build new Missions.In addition, they learned carpentry, leatherworkers, smiths, and farm work. The Franciscans controlled their days into a besotted schedule announced by church bells (Archibald, 104). If the workers were not done with their tasks by the chimes of the church bells, they would suffer major consequences. The Franciscans did not diorama their actions as imprisonment because they believed that the providence of food and shelter compensates for Natives hard work. In reality, the Missions were not a behind to live a life of ease nor was it a place to acquire personal fortune and prosperity.The Native Americans were not worked to death like the slaves in southern United States at this time. However, the strict regulation, cruel and singular punishments and forced new traditions are extremely inhumane acts. According to Julio Cesar, When I was a boy the discourse given to the Indians at the Mission was not good at all. We were at the mercy of the administrator, who ordered us to be flogged whenever and however he took notion (Mission). Every Mission had two priests. One priests duties were to preach and teach about religion.The other priests duties were strictly on the work field. He instructed and gave the Native Americans and other workers their duties. The lifestyle in the California Missions was set in a very rigorous schedule so it was nearly impossible for the Native Americans to take a break or escape the hardship. The Natives resisted colonization after just a short time living and working at the Missions. There were a few deadly ascents conducted by the Native Americans. They destroyed Mission property and even peril to kill priests. The most infamous attack occurred in San Diego.On November 4, 1775, hundreds of men completely destroyed the Cuiamac Rancheria Mission of San Diego. The men also killed three Hispanics, including the Father, Padre Jaime (Sandos, 92). In addition, in 1824, another great Indian rebellion in California occurred at the Missions of Barbara. A large part of the Mission building was wrecked by a large fire. On the same day, hundreds of Native Americans attacked the Spanish defenders and soldiers. Leaders of the rebellion were severely punished. seven were executed and the others were imprisoned or required to do even crueler perseverance.The Natives revolted because of their poor treatment and forced labor enforced by the soldiers and Fathers (Sandos, 73). These rebellions were among the many others throughout the 16th century in the California missions. This proves that the Native Americans were brutal about getting different beliefs and work forced onto them. The Spanish settlers caused a lot of health problems to spre ad out all throughout California. Soon after the arrival of Spanish colonists, diseases spread from Southern California to northern California so Native American fatalities heightened.Highly infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles, and syphilis killed thousands of Native Americans, especially children, so the Indian population dropped drastically (Sandos, 64). About sixty percent of the Mission Native Americans death was due to introduced diseases. In just a few decades, the Native American population in California decreased from 310,000 to about 100,000. Since the California Missions held many residences, people lived in such confined spaces which caused patrimonial diseases to spread rapidly.In order to keep the population at a steady rate for seemly workers, Mission leaders separated Native American children from their parents to maintain the childrens health to save them to work at the Missions as they got older (California). The Natives were furious that their families were being separate. Mothers were not there to care for their children, so the Native children were on their own. There was a lack of physicians to care for the ill so not everyone could be helped. Diseases were not the only reason why the Native population dropped drastically.They went through rigorous changes in diet so their bodies were not used to the food they were eating. In addition, malnutrition caused toxins in their bodies. In addition, the intense demanding manual labor is a factor that contributed to their inability to overcome the sickness. Death rates were higher than birth rates so the Mission had to keep recruiting different tribes all throughout California (Mission). By 1834, there were only about 15,000 Native American residents in the twenty two Missions. The Spanish were only in contact with the Native Americans for personal gain.The Franciscans maintained total economic, social, and political control all throughout California. Very few Native Americans chose to halt at the Missions voluntarily. During their time at the Missions, they had to conduct harsh labor and all of their rights were taken away from them. Although they provided the Native Americans with food, shelter, and clothing, the Franciscans treated them like slaves. The Spanishs involvement backfired since a majority of Native Americans died due to illness, devising them nearly extinct. The physical and metal demands required were a major strain on the Native Americans.

The origin and significance of diversity Essay Example for Free

The origin and signifi sternce of diversity EssayIntroductionAnts make waterca are arguably the most successful organisms shortly on earth. They evolved from a wasp same common ancestor approximately 150 million years ago(2006 Chuck Lydeard)1. Due to their long ecologic dominancy amongst insect and short life span they choose undergone a high rate of adaptational radiation. leash to a reasonably round amount of species and inter- species diversity. There are at least 12000 incompatible species of family progress toicidae (2008 Edward O. Wilson)2 which down colonised almost every(prenominal) landmass on the planet(Alice S. Jones 2006)3This unique dominancy and prevalence means that Ants p envyly account for an incompar subject 15 to 20%(2000 Ted R. Schultz)4,3 of the worlds terrestrial animal biomass. Formca exhibit eusociality, they have complex rigid social affairs and interactions. They form colonies varying form a few hundred to tiptop colonies with billions of individuals. Ants prevalence is often over looked due to their size and nature. The time when we most notice their vast verse is when it starts affecting us except to put it in perspective thither are around 1.7billion pismires for every person in Scotland(2006 Edward O. Wilson) 5,6.History of OriginThe Origin of the Ant stems back even further than we originally thought. A new D.N.A. study which included researchers from Harvard University states that they evolved around 140 to 168 million years ago in the Jurassic or Cretaceous period1. This is signific emmet when we analyze how Ants became so successful and diverse. They evolved from the same common ancestor family as wasps called Vespoidea (1999 Denis J. Brothers)7 the similarity is light in the family velvet emmet (Mutillidae,) See anatomy 1 which is actually a wasp but exhibits ant like qualities. They originally evolved in a rain forest type climate breathing predominantly amongst large herbivores. Indeed this is where we see the greatest number of Formca and variation in species at present3,4. For a long time Ants were scarce making up lone(prenominal) around 1 percent of the insect population(2000 David Grimaldi and Donat Agosti)8. withal around 100 million years ago with the appearance of flower plants the r-selection species experienced a high rate of evolutionary radiation.As a result of this period of adaptive radiation, ants ecological dominancy increased 20-40% of insects found in fossil deposits from the middle of the Tertiary period are ants8. anthesisplants were the key to the ants increased population they created a much wider range of niches and thus reduced competition amongst insects, which make it to an increase in insects that ants could utilise as a food source(2006 Moreau CS.)9 Over time ants exhibited complex symbiotic relationships. I noted a good example of this in the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens(). The Acacia sphaerocephala See figure 2 is offer inbred to Central and South America it exhibits a symbiotic relationship with an ant species Pseudo myrmex sphaerocephala.Its thorns are kettle of fish and perfect for the ants to live in protecting them from predators which could disrupt their colonies if on the ground. In turn this mutualistic relationship benefits the tree as the ants guard it from other leaf eating insects. The eusociality social structure exhibited by Formca is significant to its success. Instinctive genes inherited from its common ancestor Vespoidea give rise to its social dependence structure. This is excessively still seen in most wasps which evolved from the same ancestral family.Diversity at heart Formca-QueensFormca demonstrate a specific, highly organised, affective social settlement structure. Diversity within species of Ant is based on the needs of the colony. The colony is even looked at as an organism in itself (a Super Organism) for the purpose of more or less field work. Individuals have specific instruction pa thways which lead to specific roles such as, Soldiers, Workers, Drones, Queens, Foragers and food stores (repletes). The festering into these divergent classes is determined mostly by environmental factors such as nutrition and hormones. Yet in a few studies genetic variation has been found among castes. These genetic transmutes are small a change in one gene which can, for instance, decide whether a colony has one or multiple queens. However in most cases all ants start with the same genes with the exception of males. Ants generally have 4 development stages, egg, larva, pupa and adult(2002 Myrm)10.The larvae (see figure 3) are only capable of some minor movement, such as bending their head toward a food source. It is in the larval stage where differing the direct of care and nourishment leads to different development pathways. When resources are low most larvae will develop into sterile female workers. Only if the developed colony has an abundant food supply will worker ants map selected larvae using pheromones. These then receive dampen nourishment than others whichtriggers select genes to activate(1978 Edward O. Wilson.)11 These larvae develop into, normally winged, sexually mature female ants (See figure 4)which leave to chance upon a male (Drone) and start a new colony. In some colonies for whatever reason there is no queen in this case a female worker (all ants apart from drones are female) becomes stiff and lays fertile eggs. The Queens main role is to allow gene flow in the gene pool. She join with one or more males from other colonies before starting her own. This is the only sexual interaction between ants from different colonies. This important role exhibits the significance of variation within a species.Diversity within Formca-DronesWorkers generally cannot mate yet beca drill of the haplodiploid sex-determination system in most species they have the ability to lay sterile eggs that become fully fertile haploid males. This system means t hat offspring created from the combination of a sperm and an egg develop as a female (Worker or Queen) and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This results in males having half the number of chromosomes compared to females (males are haploid).This system means that a drone (See figure 5) has no father and cannot have sons however he has a grandfather and is able to have grandsons. The scallywag Jumper Ant Myrmecia pilosulas (See figure 6) genome is enclosed on a single pair of chromosomes as males are haploid they only have 1 chromosome, the lowest amount identified for any animal. ( 1986 Michael W. J. Crosland Ross H. Crozier)12 interestingly Myrmecia pilosula have a venomous poison and cause more deaths in Tasmania than spiders, snakes, wasps, and sharks combined.(2008 Killer Ants T.V.)13 The only purpose of drones is to mate with a queen so she can start a new colony when this is complete he dies.Diversity within Formca-WorkersWorkers carry out every other role in ant socie ty. Depending on their age and a number of environmental conditions, including the state of the colony, workers can be spends, nurses, farmers, repletes and more, depending on the species. Ants are the only taxonomic group to evolve into specific eusocialit roles with age. This creates a very clear and significant diversity within species. Soldiers are often older workers which develop powerful mandibles. In phone line to workers soldiers are a lot larger in the species Pheidologeton diversus the dry mass of asoldier can be calciferol times that of a worker. The difference is most prevalent in the army ant genus Dorylus(See figure 7.) Due to seasonal food shortages they leave their temporary ant hill and march in columns of up to 50 million individuals.Columns are ordered with workers being flanked and protected by the larger soldier ants(1991Bert Hlldobler)14. The soldiers create a defensive moving wall allowing the workers to safely and swiftly move through with(predicate) the corridor (at around 20 meters an hour.) A clear example of the diversity within a species is found in the genus Myrmecocystus. It is literally a living food store, workers feed another worker until its abdomen swells and it gets too large to get out of the chamber it is in. They are termed repletes (See figure 8) and are used by the colony to abide in times of reduced resources such as food, water and nutrients(1993 Randy C. Morgan)15.Diversity between different species of genus FormicaFormicas ecological dominance has driven diversity between species to reduce competition. To allow successful resource segmentation and acquisition of new resources there are vast differences in the physical abilities of different species. A resent example of this is the study of the species Odontomachus bauri (Trap Jaw Ant) by Andrew Suarez (an ecologist and entomologist at the University of Illinois) in late 2006. Through the use of high speed cameras (about 10,000 times faster than those used to film movies) the speed of the ant jaws closing was able to be measured. It is, by a clear margin, the fastest self perpetuated moment in the animal demesne with speeds exceeding 144 miles per hour. Even more interesting is the power involved in this movement the jaws quicken at 100,000 times the force of gravity. This results in the movement being completed very quickly, the movement could be repeated approximately 2300 times in the time it takes you to blink exerting a force up to 500 times the ants body mass(2006 Andrew Suarez)16.This diversity gives the ant a competitive advantage over other species. They use this ability to kill pray, attack predators and to flee from predators. As when the jaws close against the predator or ground the ant gets propelled away. An example of very specific diversity is that of leaf cutter ants Myrmicinae. They farm specific fungi as food sources in their colonies. Gathering specific leaves to feed the fungi and carrying antimicrobialbacteria to stop transmittance or competition for their specific fungi. However a more unique and resent discovery in Formica diversity is Polyrhachis sokolova (See figure 9) discovered in Australia in 2006 in mangrove swamps it is the only ant found to swim and nest under water. They survive in air pockets and by swimming to the issue to breath (2006 Dr Simon Robson)17. Not much more is known about them and research is ongoing. They clearly demonstrate the level of diversity and its significance in avoiding and reducing competition between ant species.ConclusionTo conclude Formica are exceedingly diverse both within and between species. They exhibit very specific roles within their colonies so much so that the entre colony can be viewed as a single organism. They have been present on earth for a comparably long time. During this time they have diversified amongst species creating many another(prenominal) complex and delicate symbiotic relationships with other organisms. However the impendi ng threat of climate change bring together with deforestation and loss of habitat could threaten ant species. With a body I work with- the IPCC (international table on climate change) predicting that Climate change alone is expected to force a further 15%- 37% of species to the brink of extinction within the next 50 years.(2006 IPCC.)18 There may be a serious impact on the biodiversity of ants due to their many obligate host habitats and specific dependency on other organisms.References1 http//news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-3/Ancient-ants-arose-140-168-million-years-ago-7286-1/2 http//www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/science/15wils.html3 http//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/08/ants/did-you-know-learn4 http//www.pnas.org/content/97/26/140285 http//everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=17930206 http//www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/2007-news/scotlands-mid-year-population-estimates.html7 phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees 233- 249.8 http//www.pnas.org/content/97/25/136789 http// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1660119010 http//www.antnest.co.uk/cycle.html11 Caste and ecology in the social